Blood samples were taken in both studies and levels of manganese and arsenic were measured (as well as lead in the second study). Both studies involved teams of scientists from the United States and Bangladesh working with Bangladeshi children. Another one, published in Environmental Health in 2016 by Rodrigues, et al., studied over 500 children that were 2 to 3 years old. Several additional studies following up on the previous one were published in subsequent years, including one published in Environmental Health Perspectives in 2015 by Wasserman, et al. The study found that there is a significant link between a variety of manganese markers and perceptual reasoning and memory skills. The researchers tested levels of manganese in 299 children between the ages of 8 and 11. expanded upon a previous study that only studied the effects of arsenic on children. A study by a group of researchers in the United States and Bangladesh published in 2011 in NeuroToxicology by Wasserman, et al. One set of studies focuses on researching a potential link between manganese exposure in children and their intellectual function. Much research is being done investigating exposure to an excess of manganese. It is known that manganese is essential for human systems to function properly and too much is bad for you. One major research area involving manganese is in health.
Approximately 85 to 90 percent of mined manganese is used in steelmaking, according to the United States Geological Survey. At least 25 million tons of manganese ores are mined annually, according to Lenntech. The metal is commonly found in oxides and is separated by being reduced with sodium, magnesium or aluminum or by electrolysis. Manganese is primarily mined in China, Africa, Australia and Gabon, according to the Royal Society of Chemistry. The lack of manganese in sedimentary rocks dating between 400 and 1,800 million years ago indicates that oxygen levels in the ocean were low, according to John Emsley. The purple color of amethysts is caused by manganese, according to the Jefferson Laboratory. Its alloys help stiffen the aluminum in soft-drink cans, according to Chemicool. 
It also is used as a black-brown pigment in paint and as filler in dry cell batteries.
Manganese is used to make clear glass, to desulfurize and deoxidize steel in steel production and to reduce the octane rating in gasoline. Because it is brittle by itself, manganese is primarily used in alloys, according to the Royal Society of Chemistry. According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, manganese may be beneficial in treating osteoporosis, arthritis, premenstrual syndrome, diabetes and epilepsy. State of mn element skin#
Too little manganese can cause obesity, glucose intolerance, blood clotting, skin conditions, low cholesterol levels, skeletal disorders, neurological symptoms and even hair color changes, according to Lenntech. It can also cause Parkinson's disease, lung embolisms, bronchitis, impotence in men and schizophrenia. According to Lenntech, symptoms can include hallucinations, forgetfulness, nerve damage, dullness, weak muscles, headaches and insomnia. Too much manganese, however, can be toxic. Some species can store and accumulate manganese including diatoms, mollusks and sponges. According to Lenntech, manganese is essential not only to humans, but also to all species. Manganese is primarily found in the bones, liver, kidneys, and pancreas, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center, and helps the body form connective tissue, bones, blood-clotting factors, and sex hormones. Some of the foods that contain the highest concentrations of manganese include spinach, tea, some herbs, grains, rice, soybeans, eggs, nuts, olive oil, green beans and oysters, according to Lenntech. Human bodies contain approximately 10 to 20 milligrams, and because it can't be stored, humans need to constantly replenish the supply through diet. Manganese is essential to metabolic functions, according to Chemicool. It was discovered that manganese is vital to human lives in the 1950s, according to Emsley, in an article published in Nature. 
Manganese is essential to photosynthesis and is used to create oxygen, according to Chemicool.According to the Royal Society of Chemistry, manganese is the fifth most abundant metal in Earth's crust.Manganese is very abundant in soils, occurring in both oxides and hydroxides, according to Lenntech.Pure manganese is reactive, burns in oxygen, rusts in water and dissolves in dilute acids, according to Lenntech.
When combined with aluminum, antimony and copper, the resulting alloys are highly ferromagnetic. According to the Los Alamos National Laboratory, the word manganese comes from the Latin word for magnets, "magnes." Manganese, however, by itself is not magnetic.Transition metals are ductile, malleable and conduct electricity and heat. Manganese is a transition metal, according to Chemicool.
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